洛陽學現在完成時（三）
 
常用瞬間動詞變延續性動詞表：
　1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.
　→have been in sw./at…相應的介詞
　2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back
　3. have come/gone out →have been out
　4. have become → have been
　5. have closed / opened→ have been close/open
　6. have got up → have been up；
　7. have died → have been dead；
　8. have left sw. → have been away from sw.
　9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep → have been asleep；
　10. have finished/ended/completed → have been over；
　11. havemarried → have been married；
　12. have started/begun to do sth. → have done sth. ；
　13. have begun → have been on
　14. have borrowed/bought →have kept/had
　15. have lost → haven’t had
　16. have put on →have worn
　17. have caught /get a cold → have had a cold；
　18. have got to know → have known
　19. have/has gone to → have been in
　20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the army
　→have been a member of/ have been in/have been the Party’s member/the league member/the soldier…
　注意： 1.現在完成時不能單獨與準確時間連用，(如表示過去的時間狀語）
　如yesterday(morning、afternoon),last(morning、afternoon)等，除非與for,since連用.
　2.現在完成時往往同表示不確定的過去時間狀語連用
　,如already（肯定）, yet（否定，疑問）, just, before, recently,still, lately等:
　He has already obtained a scholarship.
　I haven't seen much of him recently (lately).
　We have seen that film before.
　Have they found the missing child yet ?
　3. 現在完成時常常與表示頻度的時間狀語連用,
　如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等:
　Have you ever been to Beijing
　I have never heard Bunny say anything against her.
　I have used this pen only three times. It is still good.
　George has met that gentleman on several occasions.
　4. 現在完成時還往往可以同包括現在時間在內的時間狀語連用,
　如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, just, today, up to present, so far等:
　Peter has written six papers so far.
　Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom.
　There has been too much rain in San Francisco this year.
　The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years.
　Up to the present everything has been successful.
　5. 現在完成時還可以用來表示過去的一個時間到現在這段時間內重復發生的動作.
　We have had four texts this semester.
　6.現在完成時的"完成用法"
　現在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發生在過去某一時刻并已結束，但該動作對現在產生了影響，與現在情況具有因果關系。
　例如：He has turned off the light.他已把燈關了。(動作結束于過去，但說明的是現在的情況--燈現在不亮了。)
　現在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續，因此，該時態只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如：never，ever，once等)、包括現在時刻在內的時間狀語(如：this morning ／ month ／year...，today等)連用。
　例如： Have you found your pen yet？你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎？
　7.現在完成時的"未完成用法"
　現在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻，一直延續到現在，或可能還要繼續下去。
　例如：He has lived here since 1978.自從1978年以來，他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年，一直住到現在，可能還要繼續住下去。)
　I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部隊已經呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前，一直延續至今，有可能還要繼續下去。)
　此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導)，或表示與現在時刻相連的時間狀語(如：up to now，so far)等。
　例如：I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。
　注意：(1)現在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續性動詞，不可用于終止性動詞，即瞬間完成或延續時間很短的動詞。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
　8.一段時間+has passed+since從句
　9. 現在完成時常和短語 "up to now /till now", "so far" (意思是從過去某一確定的時間一直延續到現在.)
　Up to/till now he's read many story books. 至今他已讀過好多故事書。
　I've been to New York three times so far. 至今我已到紐約去過三次。
　10 .has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的區別
　gone:去了沒回
　been to :去過
　been in：呆了很久
　11.不能與when連用
　[編輯本段]一般過去時和現在完成時
　(1)、一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式，而現在完成時的謂語基本構成是“助動詞 have/ has + 過去分詞”。
　(2) 、一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如： yesterday, last week , two years ago ,just now ,in 2002 等；而現在完成時則常與 just ,already ,ever ,never 等副詞和 these days ,this week ,since ......, for ...... 等表示一段時間的狀語連用。
　試比較以下幾組句子，有什么區別：
?、?A:Have you seen the film ?
　B:Did you see the film ?
　分析：你看過這部電影嗎？（ A ）句強調的是被問者對劇情是否了解；（ B ）句強調的是看這部電影的動作是否發生過，并不強調是否知道其內容。
?、?A:How has he done it ?
　B:How did he do it ?
　分析：他是怎么做的這件事？（ A ）句強調的是他做這件事的方式對現在產生了某種影響；（ B ）句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。
?、?A:He has lived in Beijing for 8 years .
　B:He lived in Beijing for 8 years .
　分析：他在北京住了 8 年。（ A ）句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了 8 年，可能還會繼續在北京住下去。（ B ）句講的是他在北京住過 8 年，現在已經不在北京了。
?。?）現在完成時強調過去發生的動作對現在的影響和結果，而一般過去時與現在沒有聯系，只是說明某個動作發生的時間是在過去。
　比：I have washed the car. 我洗過了車。（看上去很漂亮）
　I washed the car a moment ago.　我剛才洗過車了。
　She has watered the flowers.　她已經澆了花。（不需要再澆了）
　She watered the flowers yesterday.　她昨天澆的花。
　I have written the letter but I haven't posted it yet. 信我已經寫好了，但還沒有寄出。
　I wrote the letter last week and I posted it three days ago.　我上周寫的那封信，3天前寄出的。
?。?）現在完成時表示的動作或狀態延續到現在并可能延續下去，而一般過去時則單純表示過去某段時間內的經歷。
　比：It has rained for five hours. 雨已經下了5個小時了。
　　　It rained for five hours yesterday.　昨天下了5個小時的雨。
　　　He has waited for her for two hours. 他等她已經兩個小時了。
　　　He waited for her two hours and then went home.　他等她等了兩個小時，然后就回家了。
　　　I have reviewed two lessons this morning.　今天上午我已經復習了兩課。（說話時還在上午）
　　　I reviewed two lessons this morning.　今天上午我復習了兩課。（說話時已是下午或晚上）